코소보 분쟁 발칸 역사 [1998–1999]

코소보 분쟁 (1998-99)은 알바니아 민족이 코소보의 세르비아와 몬테네그로 공화국으로 구성된 유고 슬라비아의 정부와 유고 슬라비아 정부에 반대하는 충돌을 일으킨다. 분쟁은 국제적으로 널리 퍼졌으며 북대서양 조약기구 (NATO)의 개입으로 해결되었습니다.

세르비아: 코소보 분쟁

1990 년대 후반 세르비아의 내부 안정과 국제 재건 모두에 대한 가장 심각한 위협은

1989 년 세르비아 코소보 지방의 알바니아 민족 지도자 인 이브라힘 루고 바 (Ibrahim Rugova)는 세르비아 공화국 대통령 인 슬로 보단 밀로세비치 (Slobodan Milošević)의 헌법 자치권 철폐에 대한 비폭력 항의 정책을 시작했다. 밀로세비치와 코소보의 세르비아 소수 민족은 무슬림 알바니아 인들이 세르비아 인들에게 신성한 장소를 인구 학적으로 통제하고 있다는 사실에 오랫동안 반대해왔다. (Kosovo는 1389 년 세르비아 인의 터키 패배와 1912 년 터키인들에 대한 세르비아 인 승리의 장소 일뿐 아니라 세르비아 정교회의 자리였습니다.) 두 민족 사이에 긴장이 증가했고 국제 사회의 연설 거부 이 문제는 루고 바의보다 급진적 인 반대자들에게지지를 주었다.코소보 해방군 (KLA)은 1996 년에 등장했으며 세르비아 경찰과 정치인에 대한 산발적 인 공격은 향후 2 년 동안 꾸준히 증가했습니다.

By 1998 the KLA’s actions could be qualified as a substantial armed uprising. Serbian special police and, eventually, Yugoslav armed forces attempted to reassert control over the region. Atrocities committed by the police, paramilitary groups, and the army caused a wave of refugees to flee the area, and the situation became well publicized through the international media. The Contact Group—an informal coalition of the United States, Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, and Russia—demanded a cease-fire, the withdrawal of Yugoslav and Serbian forces from Kosovo, the return of refugees, and unlimited access for international monitors. Milošević, who had become president of Yugoslavia in 1997, agreed to meet most of the demands but failed to implement them. The KLA regrouped and rearmed during the cease-fire and renewed its attacks. The Yugoslav and Serbian forces responded with a ruthless counteroffensive and engaged in a program of ethnic cleansing. The United Nations (UN) Security Council condemned this excessive use of force and imposed an arms embargo, but the violence continued.

Diplomatic negotiations began in Rambouillet, France, in February 1999 but broke down the following month. On March 24 NATO began air strikes against Serbian military targets. In response, Yugoslav and Serbian forces drove out all of Kosovo’s ethnic Albanians, displacing hundreds of thousands of people into Albania, Macedonia (now North Macedonia), and Montenegro. The NATO bombing campaign lasted 11 weeks and eventually expanded to Belgrade, where significant damage to the Serbian infrastructure occurred. In June NATO and Yugoslavia signed a peace accord outlining troop withdrawal and the return of nearly one million ethnic Albanians as well as another 500,000 displaced within the province. Most Serbs left the region, and there were occasional reprisals against those who remained. UN peacekeeping forces were deployed in Kosovo, which came under UN administration.

Tensions between Albanians and Serbs in Kosovo continued into the 21st century. Sporadic violence occurred, as when anti-Serb riots broke out in March 2004 in numerous cities and towns in the Kosovo region. The riots claimed some 30 lives and resulted in the displacement of more than 4,000 Serbs and other minorities. In February 2008 Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia (Yugoslavia had ceased to exist in 2003, giving way to the federation of Serbia and Montenegro, which itself dissolved in 2006). Although the United States and several influential members of the European Union chose to recognize Kosovo’s independence, Serbia did not.

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