샘 레이번 미국 정치인

샘 레이번은 전액 사무엘 Taliaferro 레이번 (1882년 1월 6일 출생, Roane 카운티, 테네시., 1961년 11월 16일 미국 사망 본햄, 텍사스) 미국 하원 의장을 역임, 미국의 정치 지도자, 거의 17 년간 대표. 그는 1912 년에 처음으로 하원으로 선출되었고 48 개월 동안 8 개월 동안 계속 그곳에서 복무했으며, 그의 사망 당시 기록적인 임기였습니다. 그는 25 회 연속으로 의회에 선출되었다. 국회 의사당의 의회 건물 인 Rayburn House Office Building은 그의 추억으로 지명되었습니다.

퀴즈

역사 연구: 사실 또는 허구?

오늘날의 희망 다이아몬드는 수세기 전의 것보다 작습니다.

생명

주로 스코틀랜드 출신 인 Rayburn의 가족은 1887 년에 테네시에서 텍사스로 이주했으며 그곳에서 40 에이커 규모의 농장에서 자랐습니다. 그는 East Texas Normal College (현재 Texas A & M University—Commerce)를 거쳐 학교를 가르쳤으며 변호사가되었습니다. 그는 텍사스 하원에서 6 년간 (1907–13) 복무했으며 1911 년에 연사로 선출되었습니다. 이듬해 그는 미 의회에 선출되어 거의 반세기 동안 머물렀다.

Energetic, studious, ambitious, and affable, Rayburn quickly became influential behind the scenes in government and in party politics. As chairman (1931–37) of the powerful House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, he was a major architect of the New Deal. As a member of the House of Representatives, he was coauthor of six important laws—the Emergency Railroad Transportation Act, the “Truth-in-Securities” Act, the Stock Exchange Act, the Federal Communications Act, the Rural Electrification Act, and one of the most bitterly contested of all New Deal laws, the Public Utility Holding Company Act.

Rayburn was elected Democratic leader of the House of Representatives in 1937 and became speaker of the House on Sept. 16, 1940. He held the latter office for almost 17 years, exceeding by a wide margin the previous record set by Kentucky statesman Henry Clay in the first quarter of the 19th century. Noted for his tart common sense, his honesty, and his unflagging patriotism, Rayburn was a trusted adviser to Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and John F. Kennedy. A dedicated party man who described himself as a Democrat “without prefix, without suffix, and without apology,” Rayburn was often called “Mr. Democrat.” He was permanent chairman of the Democratic National Convention in 1948, 1952, and 1956. After he won the battle in 1961 to enlarge the House Committee on Rules—the hardest internal House struggle in 50 years—Rayburn’s health failed quickly. Before Congress adjourned that year, he went home to Bonham, Texas, where he died.

Legacy

At the time of his death, Rayburn was regarded as an extraordinarily able legislator who had gone on to become the most effective speaker of the House since Joe Cannon was divested of his power in 1910. That assessment of Rayburn did not change in the decades following his death. His pivotal role in the House as a broker between the Northern and Southern wings of the Democratic Party, however, was later better understood and appreciated. During Rayburn’s tenure, power in the House was lodged in the hands of committee chairs who gained their positions through seniority. Because the American South still was overwhelmingly Democratic and the Republican Party was not competitive there, Southern Democrats in the House—with their seniority and their control over chairs of committees—tended to have great power. Northern Democrats tended to be more liberal than their Southern counterparts, but their lack of seniority and committee chairs diminished their influence in the House. Rayburn brokered the interests of both wings of the Democratic Party.

Although the office of speaker at that time lacked great formal powers, Rayburn used the limited influence of the office to maximum advantage. He also relied heavily on his personal prestige, his skill at persuasion, and personal friendships built up over decades in the House to bridge the regional differences within the Democratic Party and to forge a working majority in the House. His leadership style usually resulted in congenial relations not only between the Northern and Southern wings of the Democratic Party but also between Rayburn and the Republican leadership of the House—a considerable accomplishment, especially when viewed in the light of the divisive House of Representatives in the early 21st century.