체코 슬로바키아 역사 국가, 유럽

체코 슬로바키아, 체코, 슬로바키아 Československo, 중앙 유럽의 보헤미아, 모라비아, 슬로바키아의 역사적 땅을 포함하는 이전 국가. 체코 슬로바키아는 제 1 차 세계 대전이 끝날 무렵 1918 년 오스트리아-헝가리 붕괴 붕괴 제국의 여러 지방에서 형성되었습니다. 1938 ~ 45 년 나치 독일이 점령했고 1948 년부터 1989 년까지 소련의 지배를 받았다. 1993 년 1 월 1 일, 체코 슬로바키아는 체코와 슬로바키아라는 두 나라로 평화롭게 분리되었다.

체코 공화국

체코 슬로바키아 의 지배 민족 집단, 독일과 헝가리 사람들이 자발적인 시민으로 살았던 새로운 국가,

다음은 체코 슬로바키아 역사의 간단한 처리입니다. 1918 년 이전의 지역에 대한 논의를 포함한 완전한 치료에 대해서는 체코 슬로바키아 역사를 참조하십시오.

제 1 차 세계 대전 후 체코와 슬로바키아의 정치적 연합은 두 민족이 언어, 종교 및 일반 문화와 밀접한 관련이 있기 때문에 실현 가능했습니다. 독립적 인 체코 슬로바키아 국가는 1918 년 10 월 28 일 Tomáš Masaryk, Edvard Beneš 및 기타 지도자들에 의해 선포되었으며 프랑스와 오스트리아의 다른 동맹국들에 의해 빠르게 인정되었습니다. 체코 인이 거주하는 보헤미아와 모라비아는 서부 지역을 구성했으며 슬로바키아는 동부 지역을 점유했습니다. 체코와 슬로바키아는 함께 새로운 국가 인구의 3 분의 2를 차지했다. 주 경계 내의 다른 국적 국에는 독일인, 헝가리 인, 루 테니 아인 및 폴란드가 포함됩니다.

Under the leadership of Masaryk, who served as president from 1918 to 1935, Czechoslovakia became a stable parliamentary democracy and the most industrially advanced country in eastern Europe. But after the rise to power of Adolf Hitler in Germany in 1933, the significant German minority in the Sudetenland of western Czechoslovakia began to lean toward Hitler’s National Socialism. With the acquiescence of Britain and France, Hitler annexed the German-speaking Sudeten areas of Czechoslovakia in 1938. By 1939 Germany had occupied all of Bohemia and Moravia and turned the two regions into a German protectorate. Slovakia received nominal autonomy, though it was dominated by Germany.

The liberation of Czechoslovakia by Soviet troops during World War II helped bolster the Communist Party while hindering the numerous other parties that emerged. Clever maneuvering and unfailing support from the Soviet Union enabled the Communists to stage a virtual coup d’état in 1948, and a people’s republic was formed. Gradually, with Soviet supervision, internal opposition was crushed while the country’s industry was nationalized and its agriculture was collectivized.

In the 1960s a progressively deteriorating economy discredited the government and led to grudgingly granted, and limited, reforms. When these failed, the Communist Party’s leadership passed to the Slovak first secretary, Alexander Dubček, in January 1968. He instituted a more openly reformist program, “socialism with a human face,” that encouraged non-Communists to participate in government and restored a number of civil liberties. The brief period of liberalization became known as the Prague Spring. In August 1968, however, Warsaw Pact troops invaded the country and seized Dubček, transporting him to Moscow. Upon his return to Czechoslovakia, Dubček saw his reforms rolled back, and hard-line communists restored the country to conformity with Soviet-bloc norms.

The country’s new Communist leaders concentrated on making the state-run economy more productive while also stifling internal political dissent. Czechoslovakia in the 1970s and’80s was thus one of the more prosperous but also one of the more repressive countries in eastern Europe. In late 1989, however, a wave of democratization swept through eastern Europe with the encouragement of the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev. Czechoslovakia’s Communist leadership found itself confronted by mass demonstrations in Prague opposed to its policies, and the party soon gave in to the demands for reform. In December the Communists formed a coalition government with non-Communist opposition groups. A multiparty political system was written into law, the writer and former dissident Václav Havel became the country’s new president, and free elections to the Federal Assembly were held in June 1990, with non-Communists winning resounding majorities.

With the end of Communist rule and the reemergence of true multiparty democracy (the so-called Velvet Revolution), disagreements between the two halves of the country escalated. In particular, Slovaks resisted the Czechs’ preference for rapid privatization of the country’s state-run industries. The results of parliamentary elections in June 1992 highlighted these differences, and talks between Czech and Slovak leaders later that year resulted in the peaceful dissolution of the Czechoslovak federation. As part of the so-called Velvet Divorce, two new countries were created, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, on January 1, 1993.